What is the primary characteristic of low-income countries?

Low-income countries are primarily characterized by low levels of national and personal income, which significantly impacts the overall economic development and quality of life of their populations. In these countries, the average income per person is often below the global average, leading to challenges such as limited access to education, healthcare, and basic utilities. This economic situation also affects infrastructure development and investment in industries that can facilitate growth.

The other characteristics listed, such as high levels of industrialization, advanced technological sectors, and high levels of urbanization, are generally more associated with wealthier nations. Low-income countries often struggle with industrialization due to a lack of resources, investment, and technology. Similarly, while urbanization can occur in low-income countries, it is typically not accompanied by the economic stability and opportunities found in more affluent urban centers. Therefore, the primary characteristic distinguishing low-income countries is indeed their low levels of national and personal income.