What does infiltration describe in the hydrological cycle?

Infiltration in the hydrological cycle specifically refers to the process where water enters the soil from the surface. This process is crucial as it allows water to move from the atmosphere and surface water bodies into the ground, replenishing groundwater supplies. It plays a vital role in maintaining soil moisture, supporting plant growth, and influencing the overall hydrological cycle.

When precipitation occurs, some of the water will flow over the surface (known as runoff), while other water will seep into the soil through infiltration. Factors such as soil composition, moisture levels, and vegetation can affect the rate and efficiency of this process. This entry of water into the soil is essential for various ecological functions and helps in the filtration of water, promoting water quality. Other options do not describe infiltration accurately—evaporation is related to water turning into vapor, surface water collection pertains to bodies of water accumulating, and melting ice refers to the phase change of ice to liquid water.